Category
Insulation & Refractory
Subcategory
Refractory
Applicable standards
3
Issuing bodies
2
Description
Refractory lining for fired heaters, boilers, regenerators, sulfur reactors.
Applicable Standards (3)
API — 2 standards
API 936
Refractory Installation Quality Control — Inspection and Testing of Monolithic Refractory Linings and Materials
QC for refractory installation in fired heaters, regenerators, sulfur reactors.
API 560
Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service
Direct-fired heaters used in refining and general process service. Identical to ISO 13705.
Key requirements (10)
- Fired heaters for refining and petrochemical service.
- Types: cabin (vertical), box (horizontal tube radiant), cylindrical (vertical or horizontal).
- Heat flux limits (radiant): typical 30,000 BTU/hr·ft² (95 kW/m²) for crude/vacuum; up to 50,000 for ethane cracking.
- Tube design temperature: peak film temperature + 25 °F (14 °C) margin typical.
- Tube life / creep: per API 530 — Larson-Miller parameter.
- Burner sizing: 1.2 × maximum design heat release.
- Excess air: 15% for fuel gas, 20% for fuel oil typical at full load.
- Casing temperature: < 82 °C (180 °F) at design.
- Flame impingement: tube clearance ≥ 1× tube OD typical.
- Convection section: extended-surface (finned/studded) tubes; first row typically bare.
ASTM — 1 standard
ASTM C401
Specification for Alumina and Alumina-Silicate Castable Refractories
Castable refractory classification.